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Metal Converter 建築コスト 資金4000 ,Building Module 50,Tools 30 維持コスト 資金-200 ,電力-25 サイズ 3x4 建設場所：海底 アンロック条件 Tech Tier2住民(Researchers) 750人 産出品 Iron Ore / Copper / Gold? / Uranium 直訳すると金属変換機。おそらく海底の岩石から化学的手法で金属を取り出す施設なのであろう。 Metal Converterは海底において金属資源を採掘することができる施設である。 この施設を稼動させるためには、Underwater Plateauに金属資源のFertilityが存在しなければならない。 これはBlack Somokerの活動停止によって出現する。（詳細は各島ごとのパラメータを参照） Metal Converterの産出品はFertilityの種類によって変化する。 アンロック条件はResearchers750人で、Tech市街をそれなりの規模まで発展させなければならない。 また建設コストも維持コストもかなり高いため、この施設を実際に使うにはかなりの経済規模が必要である。 しかし、鉱山の数や埋蔵量に制限されることなく大量の金属資源を確保できることから、超巨大都市などを作る際には消費材の材料の供給元として一考の価値がある。 Metal Converterは単体での作業効率が通常の鉱山系施設より高いため、物資が余らないように生産施設の数を調整する必要がある。
https://w.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/pages/5543.html
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https://w.atwiki.jp/gohongilab2/pages/76.html
tags Jain_S Garud_R url auther Garud, R. and Jain, S. bibtex en @article{GarudJain1997embeddness title={{The Embeddedness of Technological Systems}}, author={Garud, R. and Jain, S.}, journal={Working Paper Series}, year={1997}, publisher={Stern School of Business, New York University}, location={http //hdl.handle.net/2451/14189}, language={English} } format for references * abstract memo ポイントは後ろの方のSummery節とDiscussion 章 このペーパー自体はTCP/IPの普及プロセスを事例に、ベンダーとユーザーが協働して標準化プロセスを進めていく様子を分析。 vendors and users jointly are actively attempting to shape the standard-setting process. These standards, in turn shape activities in the technical environment of product markets, aleit in a loosely coupled fasion. 技術進化の早いITCネットワークでは、美しいde-jureを待っている暇など無く、汚くてもとにかく早く実装して市場投入することが重要。 In certain arenas such as network management and high-speed networking , various vendor groups are cooperating to come up with uick and dirty versions of interoperablity standards rather than wait for standards bodies to come out with the "official" versions. Thus industry wisdom seems to sugest, "Innovate now; clean up afterward." Often, the defacto standard may b ebased on an inferior slution that can require additional rework to conform when a dejure standard comes along. However, proprietary products an make-do standards can sometimes pose a sufficient therat to "official" standards. アプリケーションレイヤでは、ドミナントデザインなんて成立しない。相互可用性を成立させるための手法群であるドミナントソリューションのみが存在する。 The institutional environment, as defined by the standards available at any given point in time, does not completely define activities in the technical environment. In this scenario, there are no dominant designs but only dominant solutions that are forged with the availability of patchwork devices that can "glue" disparate systems together allowing users to mix and match components. 先行研究のまとめ Constant(1980=constant1980origins) demonstrates how the institutional environment of standards (one that he lavels as "traditions of testability") powerfully influence product development activity in the technical environment (see also Garud Rappa, 1994=GarudRappa1994socio). not found @book{constant1980origins, title={{The origins of the turbojet revolution}}, author={Constant, E.W.}, isbn={080182222X}, year={1980}, publisher={Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, MD} } downloaded @article{GarudRappa1994socio, title={{A socio-cognitive model of technology evolution The case of cochlear implants}}, author={Garud, R. and Rappa, M.A.}, journal={Organization Science}, volume={5}, number={3}, pages={344--362}, issn={1047-7039}, year={1994}, publisher={JSTOR} } compativility standards are a key institutional facet of most inoframtion technology based industries (Garud Kumaraswamy, 1995=GarudKumaraswamy1993changing). In these industries, common standards provide users ande vendors with a platform to use and innovate upon. However, once set, these standards "lock in " users and venders to particulr trajectories, and at the extreame, prevent the technology from migrating to new functionalities (David, 1985=David1985clio; Arthur, 1988=Arthur1988self Farell Saloner, 1986=FarrellSaloner1986installed). downloaded @article{GarudKumaraswamy1993changing, title={{Changing competitive dynamics in network industries An exploration of Sun Microsystems open systems strategy}}, author={Garud, R. and Kumaraswamy, A.}, journal={Strategic Management Journal}, volume={14}, number={5}, pages={351--369}, issn={1097-0266}, year={1993}, publisher={Wiley Online Library} } downloaded David1985clio @article{David1985clio, title={{Clio and the Economics of QWERTY}}, author={David, P.A.}, journal={The American economic review}, volume={75}, number={2}, pages={332--337}, issn={0002-8282}, year={1985} } to be rent from Mita @article{Arthur1988self, title={{Self-Reinforcing Mechanisms in Economics}}, author={ARTHUR, W.B.}, booktitle={The economy as an evolving complex system the proceedings of the Evolutionary Paths of the Global Economy Workshop, held September, 1987 in Santa Fe, New Mexico}, editor={Philip W. Anderson and Kenneth J. Arrow and David Pines} pages={9--31}, isbn={0201156857}, year={1988}, publisher={Addison-Wesley} } downloaded @article{FarrellSaloner1986installed, title={{Installed base and compatibility Innovation, product preannouncements, and predation}}, author={Farrell, J. and Saloner, G.}, journal={The American Economic Review}, volume={76}, number={5}, pages={940--955}, issn={0002-8282}, year={1986}, publisher={JSTOR} } How can tehcnolgies benefit from the coordination that institutional standards can provide while overcoming their constraning effects? We suggest that this can happen when the institutional environment of compativility standards "just" embeds the technical environment of product markets. By "just" embedded we mean that standards and the processes associated with them provide the coordination required to carry out technical activities in the present, and, at the same time, not constrain the migration of the technology to new functionalities in the future.
https://w.atwiki.jp/jikkyosha_ust/pages/401.html
Logical positivism and logical empiricism, which together formed neopositivism, was a movement in Western philosophy that embraced verificationism, an approach that sought to legitimize philosophical discourse on a basis shared with the best examples of empirical sciences. In this theory of knowledge, only statements verifiable either logically or empirically would be cognitively meaningful. Seeking to convert philosophy to this new scientific philosophy was aimed to prevent confusion rooted in unclear language and unverifiable claims.[1] The Berlin Circle and the Vienna Circle propounded logical positivism starting in the late 1920s. Interpreting Ludwig Wittgenstein s philosophy of language, logical positivists identified a verifiability principle or criterion of cognitive meaningfulness. From Bertrand Russell s logicism they sought reduction of mathematics to logic as well as Russell s logical atomism, Ernst Mach s phenomenalism—whereby the mind knows only actual or potential sensory experience, which is the content of all sciences, whether physics or psychology—and Percy Bridgman s musings that others proclaimed as operationalism. Thereby, only the verifiable was scientific and cognitively meaningful, whereas the unverifiable was unscientific, cognitively meaningless "pseudostatements"—metaphysic, emotive, or such—not candidate to further review by philosophers, newly tasked to organize knowledge, not develop new knowledge. Logical positivism became famed for vigorous scientific antirealism to purge science of talk about nature s unobservable aspects—including causality, mechanism, and principles—although that goal has been exaggerated[who said this?]. Still, talk of such unobservables would be metaphorical—direct observations viewed in the abstract—or at worst metaphysical or emotional. Theoretical laws would be reduced to empirical laws, while theoretical terms would garner meaning from observational terms via correspondence rules. Mathematics of physics would reduce to symbolic logic via logicism, while rational reconstruction would convert ordinary language into standardized equivalents, all networked and united by a logical syntax. A scientific theory would be stated with its method of verification, whereby a logical calculus or empirical operation could verify its falsity or truth. In the late 1930s, logical positivists fled Germany and Austria for Britain and United States. By then, many had replaced Mach s phenomenalism with Neurath s physicalism, and Carnap had sought to replace verification with simply confirmation. With World War II s close in 1945, logical positivism became milder, logical empiricism, led largely by Carl Hempel, in America, who expounded the covering law model of scientific explanation. The logical positivist movement became a major underpinning of analytic philosophy,[2] and dominated Anglosphere philosophy, including philosophy of science, while influencing sciences, into the 1960s. Yet the movement failed to resolve its central problems,[3][4][5] and its doctrines were increasingly assaulted, most trenchantly by W V O Quine, Norwood Hanson, Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, and Carl Hempel. Contents [hide] 1 Roots 1.1 Language 1.2 Logicism 1.3 Empiricism 2 Origins 2.1 Vienna 2.2 Berlin 2.3 Rivals 2.4 Export 3 Principles 3.1 Analytic/synthetic gap 3.2 Observation/theory gap 3.3 Cognitive meaningfulness 3.3.1 Verification 3.3.2 Confirmation 3.3.3 Weak verification 4 Philosophy of science 4.1 Explanation 4.2 Unity of science 4.3 Theory reduction 5 Critics 5.1 Quine 5.2 Hanson 5.3 Popper 5.4 Kuhn 5.5 Putnam 6 Retrospect 7 Footnotes 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Roots[edit] Language[edit] Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, by the young Ludwig Wittgenstein, introduced the view of philosophy as "critique of language", offering the possibility of a theoretically principled distinction of intelligible versus nonsensical discourse. Tractatus adhered to a correspondence theory of truth (versus a coherence theory of truth). Wittgenstein s influence also shows in some versions of the verifiability principle.[6][7] In tractarian doctrine, truths of logic are tautologies, a view widely accepted by logical positivists who were also influenced by Wittgenstein s interpretation of probability although, according to Neurath, some logical positivists found Tractatus to contain much metaphysics.[8] Logicism[edit] Gottlob Frege began the program of reducing mathematics to logic, continued it with Bertrand Russell, but lost interest in this logicism, and Russell continued it with Alfred North Whitehead in their monumental Principia Mathematica, inspiring some of the more mathematical logical posivists, such as Hans Hahn and Rudolf Carnap.[9] (Carnap s early anti-metaphysical works employed Russell s theory of types.)[10] Carnap envisioned a universal language that could reconstruct mathematics and thereby encode physics.[9] Yet Kurt Gödel s incompleteness theorem showed this impossible except in trivial cases, and Alfred Tarski s undefinability theorem shattered all hopes of reducing mathematics to logic.[9] Thus, a universal language failed to stem from Carnap s 1934 work Logische Syntax der Sprache (Logical Syntax of Language).[9] Still, some logical positivists, including Carl Hempel, continued support of logicism.[9] Empiricism[edit] In Germany, Hegelian metaphysics was a dominant movement, and Hegelian successors such as F H Bradley explained reality by postulating metaphysical entities lacking empirical basis, drawing reaction in the form of positivism.[11] Starting in the late 19th century, there was "back to Kant" movement. Ernst Mach s positivism and phenomenalism were a major influence. Origins[edit] Vienna[edit] The Vienna Circle, gathering around University of Vienna and Café Central, was led principally by Moritz Schlick. Schlick had held a neo-Kantian position, but later converted, via Carnap s 1928 book Der logische Aufbau der Welt—that is, The Logical Structure of the World—which became Vienna Circle s "bible", Aufbau. A 1929 pamphlet written by Otto Neurath, Hans Hahn, and Rudolf Carnap summarized the Vienna Circle s positions. Another member of Vienna Circle to later prove very influential was Carl Hempel. A friendly but tenacious critic of the Circle was Karl Popper, whom Neurath nicknamed the "Official Opposition". Carnap and other Vienna Circle members, including Hahn and Neurath, saw need for a weaker criterion of meaningfulness than verifiability.[12] A radical "left" wing—led by Neurath and Carnap—began the program of "liberalization of empiricism", and they also emphasized fallibilism and pragmatics, which latter Carnap even suggested as empiricism s basis.[12] A conservative "right" wing—led by Schlick and Waismann—rejected both the liberalization of empiricism and the epistemological nonfoundationalism of a move from phenomenalism to physicalism.[12] As Neurath and somewhat Carnap posed science toward social reform, the split in Vienna Circle also reflected political views.[12] Berlin[edit] The Berlin Circle was led principally by Hans Reichenbach. Rivals[edit] Both Moritz Schlick and Rudolf Carnap had been influenced by and sought to define logical positivism versus the neo-Kantianism of Ernst Cassirer—the then leading figure of Marburg school, so called—and against Edmund Husserl s phenomenology. Logical positivists especially opposed Martin Heidegger s obscure metaphysics, the epitome of what logical positivism rejected. In the early 1930s, Carnap debated Heidegger over "metaphysical pseudosentences".[13] Despite its revolutionary aims, logical positivism was but one view among many vying within Europe, and logical positivists initially spoke their language.[13] Export[edit] As the movement s first emissary to the New World, Moritz Schlick visited Stanford University in 1929, yet otherwise remained in Vienna and was murdered at the University, reportedly by a deranged student, in 1936.[13] That year, a British attendee at some Vienna Circle meetings since 1933, A J Ayer saw his Language, Truth and Logic, written in English, import logical positivism to the Anglosphere. By then, Nazi political party s 1933 rise to power in Germany had triggered flight of intellectuals.[13] In exile in England, Otto Neurath died in 1945.[13] Rudolf Carnap, Hans Reichenbach, and Carl Hempel—Carnap s protégé who had studied in Berlin with Reichenbach—settled permanently in America.[13] Upon Germany s annexation of Austria in 1939, remaining logical positivists, many of whom were also Jewish, were targeted and continued flight. Logical positivism thus became dominant in the Anglosphere. Principles[edit] Analytic/synthetic gap[edit] Concerning reality, the necessary is a state true in all possible worlds—mere logical validity—whereas the contingent hinges on the way the particular world is. Concerning knowledge, the a priori is knowable before or without, whereas the a posteriori is knowable only after or through, relevant experience. Concerning statements, the analytic is true via terms arrangement and meanings, thus a tautology—true by logical necessity but uninformative about the world—whereas the synthetic adds reference to a state of facts, a contingency. In 1739, Hume cast a fork aggressively dividing "relations of ideas" from "matters of fact and real existence", such that all truths are of one type or the other.[14][15] By Hume s fork, truths by relations among ideas (abstract) all align on one side (analytic, necessary, a priori), whereas truths by states of actualities (concrete) always align on the other side (synthetic, contingent, a posteriori).[14] At any treatises containing neither, Hume orders, "Commit it then to the flames, for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion".[14] Thus awakened from "dogmatic slumber", Kant quested to answer Hume s challenge—but by explaining how metaphysics is possible. Eventually, in his 1781 work, Kant crossed the tines of Hume s fork to identify another range of truths by necessity—synthetic a priori, statements claiming states of facts but known true before experience—by arriving at transcendental idealism, attributing the mind a constructive role in phenomena by arranging sense data into the very experience space, time, and substance. Thus, Kant saved Newton s law of universal gravitation from Hume s problem of induction by finding uniformity of nature to be a priori knowledge. Logical positivists rejected Kant s synthethic a priori, and staked Hume s fork, whereby a statement is either analytic and a priori (thus necessary and verifiable logically) or synthetic and a posteriori (thus contingent and verifiable empirically).[14] Observation/theory gap[edit] Early, most logical positivists proposed that all knowledge is based on logical inference from simple "protocol sentences" grounded in observable facts. In the 1936 and 1937 papers "Testability and meaning", individual terms replace sentences as the units of meaning.[12] Further, theoretical terms no longer need to acquire meaning by explicit definition from observational terms the connection may be indirect, through a system of implicit definitions.[12] (Carnap also provides an important, pioneering discussion of disposition predicates.)[12] Cognitive meaningfulness[edit] Verification[edit] The logical positivists initial stance was that a statement is "cognitively meaningful" only if some finite procedure conclusively determines its truth.[16] By this verifiability principle, only statements verifiable either by their analyticity or by empiricism were cognitively meaningful. Metaphysics, ontology, as well as much of ethics failed this criterion, and so were found cognitively meaningless. Moritz Schlick, however, did not view ethical or aesthetic statements as cognitively meaningless.[17] Cognitive meaningfulness was variously defined having a truth value; corresponding to a possible state of affairs; naming a proposition; intelligible or understandable as are scientific statements.[18] Ethics and aesthetics were subjective preferences, while theology and other metaphysics contained "pseudostatements", neither true nor false. This meaningfulness was cognitive, although other types of meaningfulness—for instance, emotive, expressive, or figurative—occurred in metaphysical discourse, dismissed from further review. Thus, logical positivism indirectly asserted Hume s law, the principle that is statements cannot justify ought statements, but are separated by an unbridgeable gap. A J Ayer s 1936 book asserted an extreme variant—the boo/hooray doctrine—whereby all evaluative judgments are but emotional reactions. Confirmation[edit] In an important pair of papers in 1936 and 1937, "Testability and meaning", Carnap replaced verification with confirmation, on the view that although universal laws cannot be verified they can be confirmed.[12] Later, Carnap employed abundant logical and mathematical methods in researching inductive logic while seeking to provide and account of probability as "degree of confirmation", but was never able to formulate a model.[19] In Carnap s inductive logic, every universal law s degree of confirmation is always zero.[19] In any event, the precise formulation of what came to be called the "criterion of cognitive significance" took three decades (Hempel 1950, Carnap 1956, Carnap 1961).[12] Carl Hempel became a major critic within the logical positivism movement.[20] Hempel elucidated the paradox of confirmation. Weak verification[edit] The second edition of A J Ayer s book arrived in 1946, and discerned strong versus weak forms of verification. Ayer concluded, "A proposition is said to be verifiable, in the strong sense of the term, if, and only if, its truth could be conclusively established by experience", but is verifiable in the weak sense "if it is possible for experience to render it probable".[21] And yet, "no proposition, other than a tautology, can possibly be anything more than a probable hypothesis".[21] Thus, all are open to weak verification. Philosophy of science[edit] Upon the global defeat of Nazism, and removed from philosophy rivials for radical reform—Marburg neo-Kantianism, Husserlian phenomenology, Heidegger s "existential hermeneutics"—while hosted in the climate of American pragmatism and commonsense empiricism, the neopositivists shed much of their earlier, revolutionary zeal.[1] No longer crusading to revise traditional philosophy into a new scientific philosophy, they became respectable members of a new philosophy subdiscipline, philosophy of science.[1] Receiving support from Ernest Nagel, logical empiricists were especially influential in the social sciences.[22] Explanation[edit] Comtean positivism had viewed science as description, whereas the logical positivists posed science as explanation, perhaps to better realize the envisioned unity of science by covering not only fundamental science—that is, fundamental physics—but the special sciences, too, for instance biology, anthropology, psychology, sociology, and economics.[23] The most widely accepted concept of scientific explanation, held even by neopositivist critic Karl Popper, was the deductive-nomological model (DN model).[24] Yet DN model received its greatest explication by Carl Hempel, first in his 1942 article "The function of general laws in history", and more explicitly with Paul Oppenheim in their 1948 article "Studies in the logic of explanation".[24] In DN model, the stated phenomenon to be explained is the explanandum—which can be an event, law, or theory—whereas premises stated to explain it are the explanans.[25] Explanans must be true or highly confirmed, contain at least one law, and entail the explanandum.[25] Thus, given initial conditions C1, C2 . . . Cn plus general laws L1, L2 . . . Ln, event E is a deductive consequence and scientifically explained.[25] In DN model, a law is an unrestricted generalization by conditional proposition—If A, then B—and has empirical content testable.[26] (Differing from a merely true regularity—for instance, George always carries only $1 bills in his wallet—a law suggests what must be true,[27] and is consequent of a scientific theory s axiomatic structure.[28]) By the Humean empiricist view that humans observe sequence of events, not cause and effect—as causality and causal mechanisms are unobservable—DN model neglects causality beyond mere constant conjunction, first event A and then always event B.[23] Hempel s explication of DN model held natural laws—empirically confirmed regularities—as satisfactory and, if formulated realistically, approximating causal explanation.[25] In later articles, Hempel defended DN model and proposed a probabilistic explanation, inductive-statistical model (IS model).[25] DN model and IS model together form covering law model,[25] as named by a critic, William Dray.[29] (Derivation of statistical laws from other statistical laws goes to deductive-statistical model (DS model).)[30] Georg Hendrik von Wright, another critic, named it subsumption theory,[31] fitting the ambition of theory reduction. Unity of science[edit] Logical positivists were generally committed to "Unified Science", and sought a common language or, in Neurath s phrase, a "universal slang" whereby which all scientific propositions could be expressed.[32] The adequacy of proposals or fragments of proposals for such a language was often asserted on the basis of various "reductions" or "explications" of the terms of one special science to the terms of another, putatively more fundamental. Sometimes these reductions consisted of set-theoretic manipulations of a few logically primitive concepts (as in Carnap s Logical Structure of the World (1928)). Sometimes, these reductions consisted of allegedly analytic or a priori deductive relationships (as in Carnap s "Testability and meaning"). A number of publications over a period of thirty years would attempt to elucidate this concept. Theory reduction[edit] As in Comptean positivism s envisioned unity of science, neopositivists aimed to network all special sciences through the covering law model of scientific explanation. And ultimately, by supplying boundary conditions and supplying bridge laws within the covering law model, all the special sciences laws would reduce to fundamental physics, the fundamental science. Critics[edit] After the Second World War s close in 1945, key tenets of logical positivism, including its atomistic philosophy of science, the verifiability principle, and the fact/value gap, drew escalated criticism. It was clear that empirical claims cannot be verified to be universally true.[12] Thus, as initially stated, the verifiability criterion made universal statements meaningless, and even made statements beyond empiricism for technological but not conceptual reasons meaningless, which would pose significant problems for science.[20][33][34] These problems were recognized within the movement, which hosted attempted solutions—Carnap s move to confirmation, Ayer s acceptance of weak verification—but the program drew sustained criticism from a number of directions by the 1950s. Even philosophers disagreeing among themselves on which direction general epistemology ought to take, as well as on philosophy of science, agreed that the logical empiricist program was untenable, and it became viewed as selfcontradictory.[35] The verifiability criterion of meaning was itself unverified.[35] Notable critics were Nelson Goodman, Willard Van Orman Quine, Norwood Hanson, Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, J L Austin, Peter Strawson, Hilary Putnam, Ludwig von Mises, and Richard Rorty. Quine[edit] Although quite empiricist, American logician Willard Van Orman Quine published the 1951 paper "Two dogmas of empiricism",[36] which challenged conventional empiricist presumptions. Quine attacked the analytic/synthetic division, which the verificationist program had been hinged upon in order to entail, by consequence of Hume s fork, both necessity and apriocity. Quine s ontological relativity explained that every term in any statement has its meaning contingent on a vast network of knowledge and belief, the speaker s conception of the entire world. Quine later proposed naturalized epistemology. Hanson[edit] In 1958, Norwood Hanson s Patterns of Discovery undermined the division of observation versus theory,[37] as one can predict, collect, prioritize, and assess data only via some horizon of expectation set by a theory. Thus, any dataset—the direct observations, the scientific facts—is laden with theory. Popper[edit] An early, tenacious critic was Karl Popper whose 1934 book Logik der Forschung, arriving in English in 1959 as The Logic of Scientific Discovery, directly answered verificationism. Popper heeded the problem of induction as rendering empirical verification logically impossible.[38] And the deductive fallacy of affirming the consequent reveals any phenomenon s capacity to host over one logically possible explanation. Accepting scientific method as hypotheticodeduction, whose inference form is denying the consequent, Popper finds scientific method unable to proceed without falsifiable predictions. Popper thus identifies falsifiability to demarcate not meaningful from meaningless but simply scientific from unscientific—a label not in itself unfavorable. Popper finds virtue in metaphysics, required to develop new scientific theories. And an unfalsifiable—thus unscientific, perhaps metaphysical—concept in one era can later, through evolving knowledge or technology, become falsifiable, thus scientific. Popper also found science s quest for truth to rest on values. Popper disparages the pseudoscientific, which occurs when an unscientific theory is proclaimed true and coupled with seemingly scientific method by "testing" the unfalsifiable theory—whose predictions are confirmed by necessity—or when a scientific theory s falsifiable predictions are strongly falsified but the theory is persistently protected by "immunizing stratagems", such as the appendage of ad hoc clauses saving the theory or the recourse to increasingly speculative hypotheses shielding the theory. Popper s scientific epistemology is falsificationism, which finds that no number, degree, and variety of empirical successes can either verify or confirm scientific theory. Falsificationism finds science s aim as corroboration of scientific theory, which strives for scientific realism but accepts the maximal status of strongly corroborated verisimilitude ("truthlikeness"). Explicitly denying the positivist view that all knowledge is scientific, Popper developed the general epistemology critical rationalism, which finds human knowledge to evolve by conjectures and refutations. Popper thus acknowledged the value of the positivist movement, driving evolution of human understanding, but claimed that he had "killed positivism". Kuhn[edit] With his landmark, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn critically destabilized the verificationist program, which was presumed to call for foundationalism. (Actually, even in the 1930s, Otto Neurath had argued for nonfoundationalism via coherentism by likening science to a boat that scientists must rebuild at sea[citation needed].) Although Kuhn s thesis itself was attacked even by opponents of neopositivism, in the 1970 postscript to Structure, Kuhn asserted, at least, that there was no algorithm to science—and, on that, even most of Kuhn s critics agreed. Powerful and persuasive, Kuhn s book, unlike the vocabulary and symbols of logic s formal language, was written in natural language open to the laypersons.[39] Ironically, Kuhn s book was first published in a volume of Encyclopedia of Unified Science—a project begun by logical positivists—and some sense unified science, indeed, but by bringing it into the realm of historical and social assessment, rather than fitting it to the model of physics.[39] Kuhn s ideas were rapidly adopted by scholars in disciplines well outside natural sciences,[39] and, as logical empiricists were extremely influential in the social sciences,[22] ushered academia into postpositivism or postempiricism.[39] Putnam[edit] The "received view" operates on the correspondence rule that states, "The observational terms are taken as referring to specified phenomena or phenomenal properties, and the only interpretation given to the theoretical terms is their explicit definition provided by the correspondence rules".[11] According to Hilary Putnam, a former student of Reichenbach and of Carnap, the dichotomy of observational terms versus theoretical terms introduced a problem within scientific discussion that was nonexistent until this dichotomy was stated by logical positivists.[40] Putnam s four objections Something is referred to as "observational" if it is observable directly with our senses. Then an observation term cannot be applied to something unobservable. If this is the case, there are no observation terms. With Carnap s classification, some unobservable terms are not even theoretical and belong to neither observation terms nor theoretical terms. Some theoretical terms refer primarily to observation terms. Reports of observation terms frequently contain theoretical terms. A scientific theory may not contain any theoretical terms (an example of this is Darwin s original theory of evolution). Putman also alleged that positivism was actually a form of metaphysical idealism by its rejecting scientific theory s ability to garner knowledge about nature s unobservable aspects. With his "no miracles" argument, posed in 1974, Putnam asserted scientific realism, the stance that science achieves true—or approximately true—knowledge of the world as it exists independently of humans sensory experience. In this, Putnam opposed not only the positivism but other instrumentalism—whereby scientific theory as but a human tool to predict human observations—filling the void left by positivism s decline. Retrospect[edit] By the late 1960s, the neopositivist movement had clearly run its course.[41] Interviewed in the late 1970s, A J Ayer supposed that "the most important" defect "was that nearly all of it was false".[42][43] Although logical positivism tends to be recalled as a pillar of scientism,[44] Carl Hempel was key in establishing the philosophy subdiscipline philosophy of science[13] where Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper brought in the era postpositivism.[39] John Passmore found logical positivism to be "dead, or as dead as a philosophical movement ever becomes".[42] Logical positivism s fall reopened debate over the metaphysical merit of scientific theory, whether it can offer knowledge of the world beyond human experience (scientific realism) versus whether it is but a human tool to predict human experience (instrumentalism).[45][46] Meanwhile, it became popular among philosophers to rehash the faults and failures of logical positivism without investigation of it.[47] Thereby, logical positivism has been generally misrepresented, sometimes severely.[48] Arguing for their own views, often framed versus logical positivism, many philosophers have reduced logical positivism to simplisms and stereotypes, especially the notion of logical positivism as a type of foundationalism.[48] In any event, the movement helped anchor analytic philosophy in the Anglosphere, and returned Britain to empiricism. Minus logical positivists, tremendously influential outside philosophy, especially in psychology and social sciences, intellectual life of the 20th century would be unrecognizable.[13] Footnotes[edit] ^ Jump up to a b c Michael Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (New York Cambridge University Press, 1999), p xiv. Jump up ^ See "Vienna Circle" in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jump up ^ Smith, L.D. (1986). Behaviorism and Logical Positivism A Reassessment of the Alliance. Stanford University Press. p. 314. ISBN 9780804713016. LCCN 85030366. The secondary and historical literature on logical positivism affords substantial grounds for concluding that logical positivism failed to solve many of the central problems it generated for itself. Prominent among the unsolved problems was the failure to find an acceptable statement of the verifiability (later confirmability) criterion of meaningfulness. Until a competing tradition emerged (about the late 1950 s), the problems of logical positivism continued to be attacked from within that tradition. But as the new tradition in the philosophy of science began to demonstrate its effectiveness—by dissolving and rephrasing old problems as well as by generating new ones—philosophers began to shift allegiances to the new tradition, even though that tradition has yet to receive a canonical formulation. Jump up ^ Bunge, M.A. (1996). Finding Philosophy in Social Science. Yale University Press. p. 317. ISBN 9780300066067. LCCN lc96004399. To conclude, logical positivism was progressive compared with the classical positivism of Ptolemy, Hume, d Alembert, Compte, John Stuart Mill, and Ernst Mach. It was even more so by comparison with its contemporary rivals—neo-Thomisism, neo-Kantianism, intuitionism, dialectical materialism, phenomenology, and existentialism. However, neo-positivism failed dismally to give a faithful account of science, whether natural or social. It failed because it remained anchored to sense-data and to a phenomenalist metaphysics, overrated the power of induction and underrated that of hypothesis, and denounced realism and materialism as metaphysical nonsense. Although it has never been practiced consistently in the advanced natural sciences and has been criticized by many philosophers, notably Popper (1959 [1935], 1963), logical positivism remains the tacit philosophy of many scientists. Regrettably, the anti-positivism fashionable in the metatheory of social science is often nothing but an excuse for sloppiness and wild speculation. Jump up ^ "Popper, Falsifiability, and the Failure of Positivism". 7 August 2000. Retrieved 30 June 2012. The upshot is that the positivists seem caught between insisting on the V.C. [Verifiability Criterion]—but for no defensible reason—or admitting that the V.C. requires a background language, etc., which opens the door to relativism, etc. In light of this dilemma, many folk—especially following Popper s "last-ditch" effort to "save" empiricism/positivism/realism with the falsifiability criterion—have agreed that positivism is a dead-end. Jump up ^ For example, compare "Proposition 4.024" of Tractatus, asserting that we understand a proposition when we know the outcome if it is true, with Schlick s asserting, "To state the circumstances under which a proposition is true is the same as stating its meaning". Jump up ^ "Positivismus und realismus", Erkenntnis 3 1–31, English trans in Sarkar, Sahotra, ed, Logical Empiricism at its Peak Schlick, Carnap, and Neurath (New York Garland Publishing, 1996), p 38. Jump up ^ For summary of the effect of Tractatus on logical positivists, see the Entwicklung der Thesen des "Wiener Kreises". ^ Jump up to a b c d e Jaako Hintikka, "Logicism", in Andrew D Irvine, ed, Philosophy of Mathematics (Burlington MA North Holland, 2009), pp 283–84. Jump up ^ See Rudolf Carnap, "The elimination Of metaphysics through logical analysis of language", Erkenntnis, 1932;2, reprinted in Logical Positivism, Alfred Jules Ayer, ed, (New York Free Press, 1959), pp 60–81. ^ Jump up to a b Frederick Suppe, "The positivist model of scientific theories", in Scientific Inquiry, Robert Klee, ed, (New York Oxford University Press, 1999), pp 16-24. ^ Jump up to a b c d e f g h i j Sarkar, S; Pfeifer, J (2005). The Philosophy of Science An Encyclopedia 1. Taylor Francis. p. 83. ISBN 9780415939270. ^ Jump up to a b c d e f g h Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (Cambridge U P, 1999), p xii. ^ Jump up to a b c d Antony G Flew, A Dictionary of Philosophy, rev 2nd edn (New York St Martin s Press, 1984), "Hume s fork", p 156. Jump up ^ Helen B Mitchell, Roots of Wisdom A Tapestry of Philosophical Traditions A Tapestry of Philosophical Traditions, 6th edn (Boston Wadsworth, 2011), "Hume s fork and logical positivism", pp 249-50. Jump up ^ For a classic survey of other versions of verificationism, see Carl G Hempel, "Problems and changes in the empiricist criterion of meaning", Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 1950;41 41-63. Jump up ^ See Moritz Schlick, "The future Of philosophy", in The Linguistic Turn, Richard Rorty, ed, (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp 43-53. Jump up ^ Examples of these different views can be found in Scheffler s Anatomy of Inquiry, Ayer s Language, Truth, and Logic, Schlick s "Positivism and realism" (reprinted in Sarkar 1996 and Ayer 1959), and Carnap s Philosophy and Logical Syntax. ^ Jump up to a b Mauro Murzi "Rudolf Carnap (1891—1970)", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 12 Apr 2001. ^ Jump up to a b Fetzer, James (2012). Edward N. Zalta, ed. "Carl Hempel". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2012 ed.). It would fall to Hempel to become perhaps the most astute critic of that movement and to contribute to its refinement as logical empiricism... Hempel himself attained a certain degree of prominence as a critic of this movement... The analytic/synthetic distinction and the observational/theoretical distinction were tied together by the verifiability criterion of meaningfulness... By this standard, sentences that are non-analytic but also non-verifiable, including various theological or metaphysical assertions concerning God or The Absolute, qualify as cognitively meaningless. This was viewed as a desirable result. But, as Hempel would demonstrate, its scope was far too sweeping, since it also rendered meaningless the distinctively scientific assertions made by laws and theories... The analytic/synthetic distinction took a decided hit when the noted logician, Willard van Orman Quine, published "Two dogmas of empiricism" (1953), challenging its adequacy... While the analytic/synthetic distinction appears to be justifiable in modeling important properties of languages, the observational/theoretical distinction does not fare equally well. Within logical positivism, observation language was assumed to consist of names and predicates whose applicability or not can be ascertained, under suitable conditions, by means of direct observation... Karl Popper (1965, 1968), however, would carry the argument in a different direction by looking at the ontic nature of properties... Hempel (1950, 1951), meanwhile, demonstrated that the verifiability criterion could not be sustained. Since it restricts empirical knowledge to observation sentences and their deductive consequences, scientific theories are reduced to logical constructions from observables. In a series of studies about cognitive significance and empirical testability, he demonstrated that the verifiability criterion implies that existential generalizations are meaningful, but that universal generalizations are not, even though they include general laws, the principal objects of scientific discovery. Hypotheses about relative frequencies in finite sequences are meaningful, but hypotheses concerning limits in infinite sequences are not. The verifiability criterion thus imposed a standard that was too strong to accommodate the characteristic claims of science and was not justifiable... Both theoretical and dispositional predicates, which refer to non-observables, posed serious problems for the positivist position, since the verifiability criterion implies they must be reducible to observables or are empirically meaningless... The need to dismantle the verifiability criterion of meaningfulness together with the demise of the observational/theoretical distinction meant that logical positivism no longer represented a rationally defensible position. At least two of its defining tenets had been shown to be without merit. Since most philosophers believed that Quine had shown the analytic/synthetic distinction was also untenable, moreover, many concluded that the enterprise had been a total failure. Among the important benefits of Hempel s critique, however, was the production of more general and flexible criteria of cognitive significance... Hempel suggested multiple criteria for assessing the cognitive significance of different theoretical systems, where significance is not categorical but rather a matter of degree... The elegance of Hempel s study laid to rest any lingering aspirations for simple criteria of cognitive significance and signaled the demise of logical positivism as a philosophical movement. Precisely what remained, however, was in doubt. Presumably, anyone who rejected one or more of the three principles defining positivism—the analytic/synthetic distinction, the observational/theoretical distinction, and the verifiability criterion of significance—was not a logical positivist. The precise outlines of its philosophical successor, which would be known as "logical empiricism", were not entirely evident. Perhaps this study came the closest to defining its intellectual core. Those who accepted Hempel s four criteria and viewed cognitive significance as a matter of degree were members, at least in spirit. But some new problems were beginning to surface with respect to Hempel s covering-law explication of explanation and old problems remained from his studies of induction, the most remarkable of which was known as "the paradox of confirmation". ^ Jump up to a b Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic, 1946, p 50–51. ^ Jump up to a b Novick, That Noble Dream (Cambridge U P, 1988), p 546. ^ Jump up to a b James Woodward, "Scientific explanation"—sec 1 "Background and introduction", in Zalta EN, ed,The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2011 edn ^ Jump up to a b James Woodward, "Scientific explanation"—Article overview, Zalta EN, ed, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2011 edn ^ Jump up to a b c d e f Suppe, Structure of Scientific Theories (U Illinois P, 1977), pp 619–21. Jump up ^ Eleonora Montuschi, Objects in Social Science (London New York Continuum, 2003), pp 61–62. Jump up ^ Bechtel, Philosophy of Science (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988), p 25. Jump up ^ Bechtel, Philosophy of Science (Lawrence Erlbaum, 1988), pp 27–28. Jump up ^ Georg Hendrik von Wright, Explanation and Understanding (Ithaca NY Cornell University Press, 1971), p 11. Jump up ^ Stuart Glennan, p 276, in Sarkar S Pfeifer J, eds, The Philosophy of Science An Encyclopedia, Volume 1 A–M (New York Routledge, 2006). Jump up ^ Manfred Riedel, pp 3–4, in Manninen J Tuomela R, eds, Essays on Explanation and Understanding Studies in the Foundation of Humanities and Social Sciences (Dordrecht D Reidel Publishing, 1976). Jump up ^ For a review of "unity of science" to, see Gregory Frost-Arnold, "The large-scale structure of logical empiricism Unity of science and the rejection of metaphysics". Jump up ^ John Vicker (2011). Edward N Zalta, ed. "The problem of induction". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2011 ed.). This initial formulation of the criterion was soon seen to be too strong; it counted as meaningless not only metaphysical statements but also statements that are clearly empirically meaningful, such as that all copper conducts electricity and, indeed, any universally quantified statement of infinite scope, as well as statements that were at the time beyond the reach of experience for technical, and not conceptual, reasons, such as that there are mountains on the back side of the moon. These difficulties led to modification of the criterion The latter to allow empirical verification if not in fact then at least in principle, the former to soften verification to empirical confirmation. Jump up ^ Uebel, Thomas (2008). Edward N. Zalta, ed. "Vienna Circle". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 ed.). What Carnap later called the "liberalization of empiricism" was underway and different camps became discernible within the Circle... In the first place, this liberalization meant the accommodation of universally quantified statements and the return, as it were, to salient aspects of Carnap s 1928 conception. Everybody had noted that the Wittgensteinian verificationist criterion rendered universally quantified statements meaningless. Schlick (1931) thus followed Wittgenstein s own suggestion to treat them instead as representing rules for the formation of verifiable singular statements. (His abandonment of conclusive verifiability is indicated only in Schlick 1936a.) A second element that began to do so soon was the recognition of the problem of the irreducibility of disposition terms to observation terms... A third element was that disagreement arose as to whether the in-principle verifiability or support turned on what was merely logically possible or on what was nomologically possible, as a matter of physical law etc. A fourth element, finally, was that differences emerged as to whether the criterion of significance was to apply to all languages or whether it was to apply primarily to constructed, formal languages. Schlick retained the focus on logical possibility and natural languages throughout, but Carnap had firmly settled his focus on nomological possibility and constructed languages by the mid-thirties. Concerned with natural language, Schlick (1932, 1936a) deemed all statements meaningful for which it was logically possible to conceive of a procedure of verification; concerned with constructed languages only, Carnap (1936-37) deemed meaningful only statements for whom it was nomologically possible to conceive of a procedure of confirmation of disconfirmation. Many of these issues were openly discussed at the Paris congress in 1935. Already in 1932 Carnap had sought to sharpen his previous criterion by stipulating that those statements were meaningful that were syntactically well-formed and whose non-logical terms were reducible to terms occurring in the basic observational evidence statements of science. While Carnap s focus on the reduction of descriptive terms allows for the conclusive verification of some statements, his criterion also allowed universally quantified statements to be meaningful, provided they were syntactically and terminologically correct (1932a, §2). It was not until one of his Paris addresses, however, that Carnap officially declared the meaning criterion to be mere confirmability. Carnap s new criterion required neither verification nor falsification but only partial testability so as now to include not only universal statements but also the disposition statements of science... Though plausible initially, the device of introducing non-observational terms in this way gave rise to a number of difficulties which impugned the supposedly clear distinctions between logical and empirical matters and analytic and synthetic statements (Hempel 1951). Independently, Carnap himself (1939) soon gave up the hope that all theoretical terms of science could be related to an observational base by such reduction chains. This admission raised a serious problem for the formulation of a meaning criterion how was one to rule out unwanted metaphysical claims while admitting as significant highly abstract scientific claims? ^ Jump up to a b Hilary Putnam (1985). Philosophical Papers Volume 3, Realism and Reason. Philosophical Papers. Cambridge University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780521313940. LCCN lc82012903. Jump up ^ W V O Quine, "Two dogmas of empiricism", Philosophical Review 1951;60 20-43, collected in Quine, From a Logical Point of View (Cambridge MA Harvard University Press, 1953). Jump up ^ Novick, That Noble Dream (Cambridge U P, 1988), p 527. Jump up ^ Popper then denies that science requires inductive inference or that it actually exists, although most philosophers believe it exists and that science requires it [Samir Okasha, The Philosophy of Science A Very Short Introduction (NY OUP, 2002), p 23]. ^ Jump up to a b c d e Novick, That Noble Dream (Cambridge U P, 1988), pp 526-27. Jump up ^ Hilary Putnam, "Problems with the observational/theoretical distinction", in Scientific Inquiry, Robert Klee, ed (New York, USA Oxford University Press, 1999), pp 25-29. Jump up ^ Nicholas G Fotion (1995). Ted Honderich, ed. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford Oxford University Press. p. 508. ISBN 0-19-866132-0. ^ Jump up to a b Hanfling, Oswald (2003). "Logical Positivism". Routledge History of Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 193f. Jump up ^ "Ayer on Logical Positivism Section 4". 6 30. Jump up ^ Stahl et al, Webs of Reality (Rutgers U P, 2002), p 180. Jump up ^ Hilary Putnam, "What is realism?", in Jarrett Leplin, ed, Scientific Realism (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London University of California Press, 1984), p 140. Jump up ^ Ruth Lane, "Positivism, scientific realism and political science Recent developments in the philosophy of science", Journal of Theoretical Politics, 1996 Jul8(3) 361-82, abstract. Jump up ^ Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (Cambridge, 1999), p 1. ^ Jump up to a b Friedman, Reconsidering Logical Positivism (Cambridge, 1999), p 2.
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} .not_in_card { border-bottom dashed 1px #D0D0D0; } .tooltip { display flex; visibility hidden; position absolute; top -42.5px; left 0; width 275px; min-height 20px; max-height 100px; padding 10px; border-radius 5px; background-color #555; align-items center; color #FFF; font-size 85%; line-height 20px; text-align center; white-space nowrap; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; -webkit-user-select none; -moz-user-select none; -ms-user-select none; user-select none; } .inaudible .tooltip { top -68.5px; } span hover + .tooltip { visibility visible; top -47.5px; opacity 0.8; transition 0.3s; } .inaudible span hover + .tooltip { top -73.5px; } .not_in_card span.hide { top -42.5px; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; } .inaudible .img { display inline-block; width 3.45em; height 1.25em; margin-right 4px; margin-bottom -3.5px; margin-left 4px; background-image url(https //img.atwikiimg.com/www31.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/attach/2971/7/Inaudible.png); background-size contain; background-repeat no-repeat; } .not_in_card after, .inaudible .img after { content ; visibility hidden; position absolute; top -8.5px; left 42.5%; border-width 5px; border-style solid; border-color #555 transparent transparent transparent; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; } .not_in_card hover after, .inaudible .img hover after { content ; visibility visible; top -13.5px; left 42.5%; opacity 0.8; transition 0.3s; } .not_in_card after { top -2.5px; left 50%; } .not_in_card hover after { top -7.5px; left 50%; } .not_in_card.hide after { visibility hidden; top -2.5px; opacity 0; transition 0.7s; } /** For mobile device styling **/ .uk-overflow-container { display inline; } #trackinfo.mobile { display table; float none; width 100%; margin auto; margin-bottom 1em; } #trackinfo.mobile th { text-transform none; } #trackinfo.mobile tbody tr not(.media) th { text-align left; background-color unset; } #trackinfo.mobile td { white-space normal; } document.addEventListener( DOMContentLoaded , function() { use strict ; const headers = { title アルバム別曲名 , album アルバム , circle サークル , vocal Vocal , lyric Lyric , chorus Chorus , narrator Narration , rap Rap , voice Voice , whistle Whistle (口笛) , translate Translation (翻訳) , arrange Arrange , artist Artist , bass Bass , cajon Cajon (カホン) , drum Drum , guitar Guitar , keyboard Keyboard , mc MC , mix Mix , piano Piano , sax Sax , strings Strings , synthesizer Synthesizer , trumpet Trumpet , violin Violin , original 原曲 , image_song イメージ曲 }; const rPagename = /(?=^|.*
https://w.atwiki.jp/m_shige1979/pages/707.html
サーバ設定 プロジェクトを生成 プロジェクトを生成する ##ディレクトリの作成 mkdir /var/svn/ ##リポジトリの作成 svnadmin create /var/svn/repos ##権限の作成 chown -R apache apache /var/svn/repos svnserveサーバを設定する /etc/services # 以下の行を追加します svnserve 3690/tcp # Subversion svnserve 3690/udp # Subversion /etc/xinetd.d/svnserve service svnserve { disable = no socket_type = stream protocol = tcp wait = no user = root server = /usr/local/svn//bin/svnserve server_args = -i --root /var/svn env = LANG=ja_JP.UTF-8 passenv = LANG } svnserve登録、再起動 chkconfig --add svnserve /etc/init.d/xinetd restart 確認 コマンドで確認 svn list svn //localhost/repos ##なにも表示されない場合はOK クライアントツールで確認 アクセス制御設定 conf/svnserve.conf(アクセス制御)設定 [general] # 匿名ユーザーに与えるアクセス権限 anon-access = read # 認証されたユーザーに与えるアクセス権限 auth-access = write # パスワードファイルのパス password-db = passwd conf/passwd(パスワードファイル)設定 [users] # [ユーザー名] = [パスワード] test1 = test1pass test2 = test2pass 確認 apacheサーバを設定する apache設定ファイル(http.conf)の編集 ## ユーザー、グループを変更 User apache Group apache ## ロードモジュールを確認 LoadModule dav_svn_module modules/mod_dav_svn.so LoadModule authz_svn_module modules/mod_authz_svn.so ## Subversion用 Include conf/extra/httpd-subversion.conf apache設定ファイル(subversion用)の編集 ## /usr/local/apache2/conf/extra/httpd-subversion.confを作成 Location /svn DAV svn SVNParentPath /var/svn /Location 動作確認 「http //サーバ/svn/リポジトリ」でアクセスする 認証 ベーシック認証用設定 Location /svn DAV svn SVNListParentPath on SVNParentPath /var/svn # only authenticated users may access the repository Require valid-user # how to authenticate a user AuthType Basic AuthName "Subversion repository" AuthUserFile /var/svn/.htpasswd /Location ベーシック認証用パスワードファイル作成 ## 新規作成 htpasswd -c .htpasswd ユーザ名 ## 追加 htpasswd .htpasswd ユーザ名 ## 削除 hpasswd -D .htpasswd ユーザ名 確認 ダイジェスト認証 location /svn DAV svn SVNListParentPath on SVNParentPath /var/svn # only authenticated users may access the repository Require valid-user AuthType Digest AuthName "Subversion repository" AuthDigestProvider file AuthUserFile /var/svn/.htdigest /location ダイジェスト認証用パスワードファイル作成 ## 新規作成 htdigest -c .htdigest "Subversion repository" ユーザ名 ## 追加 htdigest .htdigest "Subversion repository" ユーザ名 確認 アクセス制御設定ファイル(サンプル) ## ユーザー = 認証 ## /var/svn/.svnaccess # 認証レベル ## r 読み込み ## w 書き込み ## なし アクセス不可 [/] admin = rw # sample1 リポジトリ [sample1 /] user1 = rw user2 = r # sample2 リポジトリ [sample2 /trunk/test] user1 = rw user2 = r # sample3 リポジトリ [/sample3] * = 認証ファイル定義 Location /svn DAV svn SVNListParentPath on SVNParentPath /var/svn # only authenticated users may access the repository Require valid-user # how to authenticate a user AuthType Basic AuthName "Subversion repository" AuthUserFile /var/svn/.htpasswd # how to access a user AuthzSVNAccessFile /var/svn/.svnaccess /Location
https://w.atwiki.jp/vocalive/pages/23.html
このページ名（Name of this Page）→【AR Live Nicofarre他】 メニューMENU ARライブ ニコファーレ他 AR Live Nicofarre他 Augmented Reality (AR) Live Concert and Nicofarre etc. Augmented Reality (AR) Technology Nicofarre （ニコファーレ） http //nicofarre.jp/ LED Format of Nicofarre （ニコファーレ） http //nicofarre.jp/smarty.php?tmpl=led_format.html sctn=led_format 施設案内 http //nicofarre.jp/smarty.php?tmpl=information.html sctn=information ニコファーレがMikuMikuDanceに対応するらしい件 http //vocaloid.blog120.fc2.com/blog-entry-10753.html [GUMI誕生祭2012 in ニコファーレ ～Megpoid 3rd Anniversary～ 特設ページ] Start from June 26, 19pm-JST http //live.nicovideo.jp/gate/lv94924972 http //www.ssw.co.jp/products/vocal3/megpoid/hb/index.html LIVE/日本/GUMI誕生祭 Megpoid 3rd Anniversary AR Live at Nicofarre Tokyo Japan 2012 http //www18.atwiki.jp/vocalive/editx/162.html News and Reports AR技術の粋を結集させた「GUMI誕生祭2012」が未来すぎる http //ascii.jp/elem/000/000/705/705001/ Asahi News ボカロ「ＧＵＭＩ」ライブ ニコ生でもリアル体験 http //www.asahi.com/culture/update/0626/TKY201206260407.html Live concert event at Nicofarre by 八王子P and others. 八王子P「electric love」パーティ - Sweet Devil http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm16945608 http //www.hachiojip.jp/electriclove/ https //www.youtube.com/watch?v=CAH2nbx0HMc 2011.11.26 VOCAFARRE VOCALOID AR LIVE 歌声合成ソフト「VOCALOID（ボーカロイド）」の新バージョン「VOCALOID3」の発売を記念し、 次世代ライブハウス「ニコファーレ」で、VOCALOIDイベント『ボカファーレ』を開催いたします。 【日時】 12月16日（金）19時開場 19時半開演～21時閉演（予定） 【会場】 「ニコファーレ」（東京都港区六本木7-14-23） 【内容】 ・ VOCALOID3キャラクターによるARライブ 株式会社IMAGICAの「ライブグラフィックスサービス」を利用したAR（拡張現実）ライブを披露します。 当日のライブ会場で撮影している映像に、VOCALOID3キャラクターのCGをリアルタイムで付加し、 VOCALOID3キャラクターが現実にライブを行っているかのような映像をお楽しみいただけます。 http //www.yamaha.co.jp/news/2011/11112201.html Vocafarre AR Live Conference part1 http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0XgKrKlzBk http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=QbkmVbTyXvU リアルタイムでモーションキャプチャして、CGでライブ投影するシステム VOCAFARRE AR Live Conference part2 http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiWQarF5hfY （ボカファーレ動画の５分目以降） ARライブイベント『ボカファーレ』総集編【ローソンチャンネル第９回放送】 Vocaloid 3-Gumi 3 Ar Nico Vocafarre http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=8tISbRy_lHA http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/1324953135 2011.11.26 VOCAFARRE VOCALOID AR LIVE VOCAFARRE - Introductions / Demos / Full Concert http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0XgKrKlzBk The concert features Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) effects using the voices and characters created for the new Vocaloid3 engine promoted by Yamaha. The audience does not see the characters live on-stage. The characters are superimposed with the live action and the layered performance is displayed on screens positioned on either side of the audience, which is also how we see it in the streamed vid. VOCALOID3 AR ライブ http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=iigSx4y76-0 VY1 VOCAFARRE OPENING http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNzJferU8gg VOCAFARRE 【Aoki Lapis】Daydream Flight [Vocaloid3] 【i-style project】 http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FG2U0_07N8 http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNXTH67i2DM Composer みうみう Vocals Lapis Aoki By i-styleproject VOCAFARRE 【Aoki Lapis】 Little Wish 【i-style project】 http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1D_L4hTM8s 【Gumi・ Akikoroid-chan】サイバーサンダーサイダ【VocaFarre】 http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLzMC8t4SsQ [GUMI,Akiko] Cyber Thunder Cider AR LIVE VOCAFARRE http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=6tCRB6tOwxM NG sound [GUMI] Love Droid AR LIVE VOCAFARRE http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4n9PHGqMQE [GUMI,Akiko] メガネの向こうの世界 AR LIVE VOCAFARRE http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFRIN-75Q_M NG sound [GUMI] Megu Megu☆Fire Endless Night AR LIVE VOCAFARRE http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1ASO0c2aNY NG sound Vocafarre play list http //www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL975BFAC82534130E Set list and INDEX 00 00 Introductions / Commentaries 22 30 Technology Demos 28 16 VOCAFARRE Intro 30 30 Tone Rion Demos 31 30 Five cute girls 34 05 Tone Rion trapped 36 15 Tone Rion - Future Driver 38 32 Aoki Lapis Demos 39 32 Aoki Lapis - Daydream Flight 45 13 Aoki Lapis - Little Wish 50 02 Akikoloid Demos 51 00 Akiko - Aoi Konbini de Aimashou 55 22 Akiko - Asu ni Nareba Mata Tsuzuku 58 58 Megpoid (Gumi) Demos 1 00 29 Gumi - Love Droid 1 04 12 Gumi - Megu Megu☆Fire Endless Night 1 08 26 Gumi / Akiko - Beyond the Spectacle of the World 1 12 26 Gumi / Akiko - Cyber Thunder Cider 1 15 52 Closing 1 17 48 Credits http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=t0XgKrKlzBk 【ライブ曲】 1曲目：「Vocafarre desu.」/ VY1V3 2曲目：「Future Diver (TV size)」/兎眠りおんwithでんぱ組.inc 3曲目：「Daydream Fright」/蒼姫ラピス 4曲目：「Little Wish」/蒼姫ラピス + みうみう 5曲目：「青いコンビニであいましょう」/あきこロイドちゃん 6曲目：「明日になればまた続く」/あきこロイドちゃん 7曲目：「LoveDroid」/GUMI 8曲目：「メグメグ☆ファイアーエンドレスナイト」/GUMI 9曲目：「メガネの向こうの世界」/GUMI あきこロイドちゃん 10曲目：「サイバーサンダーサイダー」/GUMI あきこロイドちゃ http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/1324953135 DIGITAL CONTENT EXPO 2011 2011.10.20 thu - 22 sat Digital Content Expo. http //dcexpo.jp/ (Japanese) http //dcexpo.jp/en/ (English) 場所：日本科学未来館 Location National Museum of energing Science and Innovation http //www.miraikan.jst.go.jp/ その他の参加プログラム 展示 http //www.dcexpo.jp/program/others/tenji_others.php#OT201126 First AR Live concert at National Museum of energing Science and Innovation in Tokyo, Japan http //www.dcexpo.jp/2012/index.html DCEXPO2011_VOCALOID3 x Live AR_HD版 http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=t8Lf8o_CXOU This video clip is "VOCALOID3 x LiveAR" at DIGITAL CONTENT EXPO 2011 in Tokyo, JAPAN, 2011. デジタルコンテンツEXPO2011で披露した、VOCALOID3によるLiveARステージの映像です。 キャスト VOCALOID3 Megpoid (c) INTERNET Co., Ltd. あきこロイドちゃん (c) LAWSON, INC./Yamaha Corporation 蒼姫ラピス (c) i-style project 2011 未夢フレンズ CHIYOMI RISA MC サンキュータツオ・有野いく セットリスト VOCALAWSON desu. / あきこロイドちゃん 曲・詞 / うたたP 青いコンビニであいましょう / あきこロイドちゃん 曲・詞 / エハミック MMDモデル / さぼてん 振付 / SAM 星間飛行 / VOCALOID3 Megpoid Power 曲 / 菅野よう子 詞 / 松本隆 MMDモデル / ままま 振付 / ジョニー MMDモーションデータ / しばしゅー メグメグ☆ファイアーエンドレスナイト / VOCALOID3 Megpoid Sweet 曲・詞 / samfree MMDモデル / ままま 振付 / 榊音結依 MMDモーションデータ / 四月一日 メガネの向こうの世界 / VOCALOID3 Megpoid Whisper あきこロイドちゃん 曲・詞 / キャプテンミライ MMDモデル / ままま(Megpoid)、さぼてん(あきこロイドちゃん) 振付 / SAM 協力 SAM 株式会社インターネット 株式会社ローソン i-style project（株式会社サーファーズパラダイス・株式会社スタジオディーン） 株式会社ドワンゴ 株式会社ニワンゴ 園田哲也 著作・制作 株式会社IMAGICA 財団法人デジタルコンテンツ協会 株式会社プレミアムエージェンシー ヤマハ株式会社 DIGITAL CONTENT EXPO 2009-2010 HRP-4C Dance 1/2 （Cybernetic Human HRP-4C, Miim） http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=xcZJqiUrbnI This is a video clip of Dance performance with humanoid robot Cybernetic Human HRP-4C, Miim , at DIGITAL CONTENT EXPO held in Tokyo in October, 2010. 2010年10月に東京で開催された DIGITAL CONTENT EXPO で初めて公開された"HRP-4C 未夢"によるダンスパフォーマンスの映像です。 産総研、専門知識なしで人間型ロボットの動作が組めるソフト「Choreonoid」開発 歌って踊れるようになった女性型ロボット「HRP-4C」 http //ascii.jp/elem/000/000/563/563034/ 産総研ロボットHRP-4C未夢ミーム(miimu) 2009 - 2010 CEATEC JAPAN http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=uP6Te5XbTF8 Cybernetic Humanoid Robot HRP-4C made in Japan HRP-4C Miimu data Hight 158cm, Weight 43kg(include Battery) HRP-4Cは、身長158cm、体重43kg(バッテリー含む) 【初音ミク】 VocaListenerで歌うHRP-4C未夢 【ぼかりす＋ぼかうお】 http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=77colQZcaU0 これは 「VocaListener 人間の歌唱をお手本として歌声合成パラメータを自動推定するシステム」 http //staff.aist.go.jp/t.nakano/VocaListener/index-j.html 及び 「VocaWatcher 人間の歌唱をお手本としてロボットの顔動作を自動生成するシステム」 のデモンストレーション動画を掲載させて頂いたものです。 http //staff.aist.go.jp/t.nakano/VocaWatcher/index-j.html 使用楽曲 RWC-MDB-P-2001 No.7「PROLOGUE」 ロボット HRP-4C 未夢 http //www.aist.go.jp/aist_j/press_release/pr2009/pr20090316/pr20090316.html ユーザ歌唱 サリヤ人 様 http //www.nicovideo.jp/mylist/1175696 参考(技術情報) VocaListener へ、新たにブレス音（息継ぎ音）自動検出技術を追加して、ブレスも真似た歌声合成を行いました。また、HRP-4C の顔運動パラメータとして「顔の向き」「口と目の開き」「視線」から顔表情と頭の動作を生成し、さらに VocaListener によって得られた歌詞の時刻情報から「唇の形状」を制御しています。 詳細は以下のページをご覧ください。 「VocaListener（ボーカリスナー）で歌うサイバネティックヒューマン HRP-4C 未夢（ミーム）」 http //staff.aist.go.jp/t.nakano/VocaWatcher/index-j.html 開発者による産総研ロボット＆ボーカロイドの解説 CEATEC Japan http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUindRYXNKs YAMAHAの久湊さん（VOCALOID）と産総研の中岡さん（HRP-4C 未夢）による、CEATEC コラボレーションの解説 http //gajetdaisuke.com/archives/091010_220716.php Android Video http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=MY8-sJS0W1I その他 ［あきこロイドちゃん（非売品）］ ［蒼姫ラピス］Aoki Lapis OSTERさんのライブ in ニコファーレ http //nicofarre.jp/event.php?id=68 http //live.nicovideo.jp/watch/lv74149166 蒼姫ラピス AR ダウンロード http //i-style.surpara.com/ar/ 蒼姫ラピスのARページ（中国語版）を公開 http //i-style.surpara.com/cha/ar/ 蒼姫ラピス i-style project http //i-style.surpara.com ［あきこロイドちゃん］ 【ライブPV】からあげクンの歌 ／ あきこロイドちゃん (Akikoloid-chan) http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hieNqdR_OI からあげクンの歌 お披露目ライブ https //www1.lwp.jp/krgsong/ https //www1.lwp.jp/krgsong/?song=4453 からあげクンへの想いを歌詞として募集し、公式ソングをつくるプロジェクト。多数の応募によって、ついに『からあげクンの歌』が完成しました！ ▼LAWSON公式Twitter http //twitter.com/akiko_lawson ▼LAWSON公式Facebookページ http //www.facebook.com/lawson.fanpage ▼LAWSON公式mixiページ http //page.mixi.jp/view_page.pl?page_id=358 キャンペーンサイト：http //krgsong.lawson.jp/ 作詞：RICA X ／ brunhild@mstwS ／ ふぁー ／ モックン ／ nme_greone ／mutsuki0831 ／ 小西康陽 作曲：小西康陽 音声：エハミック 振付：COCO（しおしお） ローソン×ＶＯＣＡＬＯＩＤキャンペーンのからあげクンの歌を作るキャンペーンで応募しました。 投票してくれると喜びます。 http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm15868351 歌詞、投票、ＰＶはこちら→https //www1.lwp.jp/krgsong/?song=4453 【あきこロイドちゃん】青いコンビニであいましょう 作：エハミック Nico Link http //www.nicovideo.jp/watch/sm15531682 Producer エハミック (ehamkiku) http //www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nm2gw5nrSF8 ―――――――――――――――――――――――
https://w.atwiki.jp/touhoukashi/pages/6143.html
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https://w.atwiki.jp/asoudetekoiq/pages/542.html
Trois participants pacifiques à la marche-manifestation arrêtés à Shibuya, Tokyo Le 26 octobre 2008, dans le quartier de Shibuya, à Tokyo, trois participants à la marche-manifestation, intitulée "Reality Tour 2 Allons voir la maison du Premier Ministre Taro Aso qui coûte 6,2 milliards de yen", organisée dans le cadre de la Fête contre la guerre et pour la résistance, ont été arrêtés et ils sont toujours en détention à la police à ce jour (le 2 novembre 2008). Le but de ce "Reality Tour" était de voir la maison luxueuse de monsieur Taro Aso dont seul le terrain coûterait 6,2 milliards de yen. En effet, les manifestants, dont la plupart était de jeunes travailleurs précaires, ont voulu voir quelle vie mène monsieur Aso, qui devrait apporter une solution politique à la difficulté, la précarité et la pauvreté des jeunes Japonais. Mais malheureusement, cette tournée a été dispersée par la police. Voici ce qui s est passé le 26 octobre. A 3 heures de l après-midi, le chef en charge du maintien de l ordre de la Préfécture de police de Shibuya est venu informer aux participants à cette marche, réunis à la place Hachiko (devant la gare Shibuya), qu ils auraient le droit de marcher sur la zone piétonne des rues et qu ils pourraient aller voir la maison de monsieur Aso par cinq ou six, etc. Après cette discussion, les cinquantaines de participants, après avoir retiré leurs pancartes à la demande de la police, ont commencé à marcher vers la maison Aso, sans même utiliser de micro, d amplificateur ou de haut-parleur. Cinq minutes après, dans la foule de ce quartier, les policiers qui accompagnaient cette marche ont soudain saisi violemment les 3 participants en tête de cette marche qui avaient une pancarte sur laquelle était marqué le titre de ce Reality Tour, en criant "Arrêtez-les ! Insultes aux forces de l ordre !" Ainsi, ces trois personnes ont été arrêtées et emmenées à la police. Les masse média rapportent que la police auraient donné des avertissements à plusieurs reprises aux participants à cette marche avant cette arrestation. Mais ce n était pas le cas, sauf avant le départ. De même, les masse média rapportent que les participants à cette marche auraient été violents envers les policiers qui étaient présents mais ce n est absolument pas vrai. De plus, les masse média rapportent aussi que la raison de cette arrestation était une violation des règlements de l ordre public et les insultes aux forces de l ordre mais ce n est absolument pas vrai. Ce n est pas tout La préfécture de police de Shibuya, où ont été détenues ces trois personnes arrêtées, a refusé l audience entre eux, les autres participants à la marche et l avocat. De plus, la police a prolongé la détention de 10 jours et interdit l audience de nouveau avec qui que ce soit. Voici les vidéos qui décrivent tout ce qui est décrit ci-dessus 1. La réunion entre les participants et la police avant le départ (à la place Hachiko, Shibuya) http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=VukCiIa0BDc 2. Les policiers en discussion juste avant l arrestation http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=Rc0Z0Yvde8E 3. L arrestation http //jp.youtube.com/watch?v=3Uw701vV15U Si ces jeunes ont été arrêtés, c est parce qu ils ont voulu voir la maison du premier ministre. C est ainsi que l ordre public est maintenu au Japon. La raison de cette arrestation était les insultes aux forces de l ordre. Voilà la réalité au Japon... Allez, venez visiter le Japon. La vie privée du premier ministre est tellement précieuse que la police arrêtent les citoyens qui veulent voir sa maison tranquillement. Si vous venez au Japon, vos empreintes digitales et vos photos seront enregistrées et vous serez surveillés. Bienvenue au Japon. Tant que vous ne voulez pas voir la réalité au Japon, vous serez les bienvenus. (texte rédigé le 2 novembre 2008) Source http //asoudetekoiq.blog8.fc2.com/blog-entry-22.html http //blog.goo.ne.jp/tokyodo-2005/e/2753bef34e857f6276766d7665e11501
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Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Good Practices on Strategic Planning And Management of Water Resources in Asia And the Pacific (Water Resources) United Nations Pubns? United Nations? UnitedNationsPubns? UnitedNations? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-NaturalResources-General? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Reference-General? Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-NaturalResources-General? Sustainable Development Changing Production Patterns, Social Equity and the Environment (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean/S) United Nations Pubns? Economic Commission for Latin America & the Caribbean? UnitedNationsPubns? EconomicCommissionforLatinAmerica&theCaribbean? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Nonfiction-SocialSciences-Sociology-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-SocialSciences-PoliticalScience-LevelsofGovernment-FederalGovernment? Subjects-Nonfiction-CurrentEvents-Poverty-SocialServices&Welfare? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Change Threat or Opportunity for Human Progress ? Ecological Change Environment, Development and Poverty Linkages United Nations Pubns? Uner Kirdar? UnitedNationsPubns? UnerKirdar? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Nonfiction-Philosophy-Ethics&Morality? Subjects-Nonfiction-Politics-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-SocialSciences-Anthropology-Cultural? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Expanding Access to Modern Energy Services Replicating, Scaling Up And Mainstreaming at the Local Level United Nations Pubns? United Nations? UnitedNationsPubns? UnitedNations? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Reference-General? Subjects-Science-General Subjects-Science-Physics-Energy? Restructured ADR (Transport) United Nations? Economic Commission for Europe? UnitedNations? EconomicCommissionforEurope? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Engineering ユーズドブック(洋書)-Law? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Biographies&Primers-PopularEconomics? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Engineering-Civil-Transportation&Highway? Subjects-Engineering-Civil-Environmental-Pollution-Air? Subjects-Law-InternationalLaw-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Nonfiction-Law-InternationalLaw-General? Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Environment-Conservation? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Engineering-Civil-Transportation&Highway? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Engineering-Civil-Environmental-Pollution-Air? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Law-InternationalLaw? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-General? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-Environment-Conservation? Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Model Regulations (Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods Model Regulations, 12th ed) United Nations Pubns? United Nations? UnitedNationsPubns? UnitedNations? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Engineering ユーズドブック(洋書)-Law? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Medicine? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Biographies&Primers-PopularEconomics? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Engineering-Civil-Transportation&Highway? Subjects-Engineering-Civil-Environmental-HazardousWaste? Subjects-Law-InternationalLaw-General? Subjects-Medicine-Administration&Policy-PublicHealth? Subjects-Nonfiction-Transportation-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Nonfiction-Law-InternationalLaw-General? Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Conservation-General? Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Environment-Conservation? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Engineering-Civil-Transportation&Highway? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Engineering-Civil-Environmental-HazardousWaste? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-General? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-Environment-Conservation? Subjects-Science-Technology-Safety&Health? Subjects-Science-Medicine-Administration&Policy-PublicHealth? European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterways (ADN) United Nations? United Nations Economic Commission for Europe? UnitedNations? UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEurope? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Engineering ユーズドブック(洋書)-Law? Substores-UnknownASINs-55? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-International? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-SustainableDevelopment? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Engineering-Civil-Transportation&Highway? Subjects-Law-InternationalLaw-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-International? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-SustainableDevelopment? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Nonfiction-Law-InternationalLaw-General? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Engineering-Civil-Transportation&Highway? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-International-Economics? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-SustainableDevelopment? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources European Agreement Concerning The International Carriage Of Dangerous Goods Restructured Adr - Applicable As From 1 January 2005 United Nations Pubns? Economic Commission for Europe? UnitedNationsPubns? EconomicCommissionforEurope? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-International? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-SustainableDevelopment? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Nonfiction-Politics-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Politics-International-Treaties? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-International? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-SustainableDevelopment? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-International-Economics? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-SustainableDevelopment? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources European Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road Restructured Adr-applicable As from 1 January 2007 United Nations Pubns? United Nations Economic Commission for E? UnitedNationsPubns? UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforE? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Engineering Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-General? Subjects-Business&Investing-International-General? Subjects-Engineering-Civil-Transportation&Highway? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Professional&Technical-Engineering-Civil-Transportation&Highway? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources United Nations Environment Programme 60th Session Supp.no.25a United Nations Pubns? UnitedNationsPubns? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-Reference-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Politics-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Politics-International-UnitedNations? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Reference-General? Environmental Business Management (Management Development) International Labour Org? Klaus North? InternationalLabourOrg? KlausNorth? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-General? Subjects-Business&Investing-Management&Leadership-Management? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Ecology-LivingontheLand? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Professional&Technical-BusinessManagement-Management&Leadership-Management? Environment, Employment and Development International Labour Org? A. S. Bhalla? InternationalLabourOrg? A.S.Bhalla? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Biographies&Primers-Policy&CurrentEvents? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-EconomicPolicy&Development? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-Labor&IndustrialRelations? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-Management&Leadership-Production&Operations? Subjects-Nonfiction-Politics-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-SocialSciences-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-EconomicPolicy&Development? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-Labor&IndustrialRelations? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Ecology-LivingontheLand? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-Development&Growth? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-EconomicPolicy&Development? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-Labor&IndustrialRelations? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Professional&Technical-BusinessManagement-Management&Leadership-Production&Operations? Coastal Zone Space Prelude to Conflict? (IOCS Ocean Forum) Unesco Regional Office for? Edward D. Goldberg? UnescoRegionalOfficefor? EdwardD.Goldberg? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Engineering ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-Industries&Professions-RealEstate-General? Subjects-Engineering-Civil-Environmental-Planning&Management? Subjects-Nonfiction-SocialSciences-Sociology-Urban? Subjects-Nonfiction-UrbanPlanning&Development-EnvironmentalPlanning? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Ecology-LivingontheLand? Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Ecosystems-Tidelands? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Engineering-Civil-Environmental-Planning&Management? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Industries&Professions-RealEstate-General? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Science-General Population and Environment in Arid Regions (Man the Biosphere) Unesco? John Innes Clarke? Daniel Noin? Unesco? JohnInnesClarke? DanielNoin? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Substores-UnknownASINs-55? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-Theory? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Nonfiction-SocialSciences-HumanGeography? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-Theory? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Environment-EnvironmentalScience Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-Theory? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Professional&Technical-ProfessionalScience-EarthSciences-EnvironmentalScience? Subjects-Science-EarthSciences-EnvironmentalScience Subjects-Science-General Report Of The Third Intergovernmental Consultation On The Establishment Of A Southwest Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission (Fao Fisheries Reports) Food & Agriculture Org? Food&AgricultureOrg? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Fauna-Fish&Sharks? Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Ecology-General? Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-NaturalResources-Fisheries&Aquaculture? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Professional&Technical-ProfessionalScience-AgriculturalSciences-Aquaculture? Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-General? Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-NaturalResources-Fisheries&Aquaculture? Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-Animals-Fish&Sharks? Cifa Report Of The Session Of The Sub-committee For Lake Tanganyika (Fao Fisheries Reports) Food & Agriculture Org? Food&AgricultureOrg? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-General? Subjects-Business&Investing-Reference-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Environment-Conservation? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-Environment-Conservation? Gfcm - Report Of The Extraordinary Session (Fao Fisheries Reports) Food & Agriculture Org? Food&AgricultureOrg? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-General? Subjects-Business&Investing-Reference-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Environment-Conservation? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-Environment-Conservation? National Parks Planning A Manual With Annotated Examples (Fao Conservation Guide No. 17) Food & Agriculture Org? Alan Moore? Food&AgricultureOrg? AlanMoore? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Home&Garden? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-Industries&Professions-RealEstate-General? Subjects-Home&Garden-Gardening&Horticulture-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Conservation-General? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Industries&Professions-RealEstate-General? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Irrigation in the Near East Region in Figures (Water Report) Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)? Food and Agriculture Org.? FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUN(FAO)? FoodandAgricultureOrg.? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Substores-UnknownASINs-67? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-Industries&Professions-RealEstate-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Ecology-LivingontheLand? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Industries&Professions-RealEstate-General? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Rethinking the Approach to Groundwater and Food Security (Water Report) Food & Agriculture Org? Food and Agriculture Org.? Food&AgricultureOrg? FoodandAgricultureOrg.? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Engineering ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Substores-UnknownASINs-55? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-Industries&Professions-RealEstate-General? Subjects-Engineering-Civil-Environmental-WaterQuality&Treatment? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Ecology-LivingontheLand? Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Environment-WaterSupply? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Engineering-Civil-Environmental-WaterQuality&Treatment? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Industries&Professions-RealEstate-General? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Professional&Technical-ProfessionalScience-AgriculturalSciences-General? Subjects-Science-General Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-Environment-WaterSupply? Subjects-Science-AgriculturalSciences-General? Cross Sectoral Policy Impacts Between Forestry (Forestry Paper) World Bank? WorldBank? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-General? Subjects-Business&Investing-Reference-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-NaturalResources-General? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-NaturalResources-General? Legislation On Water Users Organization (Legislative Study) Food & Agriculture Org? Food&AgricultureOrg? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-General? Subjects-Business&Investing-Reference-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Politics-RegionalPlanning? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-NaturalResources-WaterSupply&LandUse? Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Environment-WaterSupply? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-WaterSupply&LandUse? Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-Environment-WaterSupply? Risk Assessment Of Listeria Monocytogenes In Ready-to-eat Foods Interpretative Summary (Microbiological Risk Management Series) Food & Agriculture Org? Food&AgricultureOrg? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-General? Subjects-Business&Investing-Reference-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Environment-Conservation? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-Environment-Conservation? Risk Assessment Of Listeria Monocytogenes In Ready-to-eat Foods Technical Report (Microbiological Risk Assessment Series) Food & Agriculture Org? Food&AgricultureOrg? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-General? Subjects-Business&Investing-Reference-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Environment-Conservation? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Professional&Technical-ProfessionalScience-AgriculturalSciences-FoodSciences-General? Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-Environment-Conservation? Subjects-Science-AgriculturalSciences-FoodScience? Measuring And Assessing Capacity In Fisheries. 1 Basic Concepts And Management Options (Fao Fisheries Technical Paper) Food & Agriculture Org? Food&AgricultureOrg? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-General? Subjects-Business&Investing-Reference-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Environment-Conservation? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-Environment-Conservation? Advances In Sea Cucumber Aquaculture And Management (Fao Fisheries Technical Paper) Food & Agriculture Org? Food&AgricultureOrg? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-General? Subjects-Business&Investing-Reference-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Environment-Conservation? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Professional&Technical-ProfessionalScience-AgriculturalSciences-General? Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-Environment-Conservation? Subjects-Science-AgriculturalSciences-General? HIV Infections And Zoonoses (Fao Animal Production and Health Paper) Food & Agriculture Org? Food&AgricultureOrg? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-General? Subjects-Business&Investing-Reference-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Environment-Conservation? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-Environment-Conservation? Pesticide Residues In Food 2003 Evaluations, Residues Food & Agriculture Org? Food&AgricultureOrg? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Health,Mind&Body? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-General? Subjects-Business&Investing-Reference-General? Subjects-Health,Mind&Body-Safety&FirstAid? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Environment-Conservation? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-Environment-Conservation? Advisory Committee On Fisheries Research. Report Of The First Session Of The Working Party On Human Capacity Development In Fisheries. Rome, 19-22 April 2004 (Fao Fisheries Reports) Food & Agriculture Org? Food&AgricultureOrg? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-General? Subjects-Business&Investing-Reference-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Environment-Conservation? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-Environment-Conservation? Voluntary Standards And Certification For Environmentally And Socially Responsible Agricultural Production And Trade Fao Commodities And Trade Technical Paper Food & Agriculture Org? Food&AgricultureOrg? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Law? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-General? Subjects-Business&Investing-Reference-General? Subjects-Law-Environmental&NaturalResourcesLaw? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Nonfiction-Law-Environmental&NaturalResourcesLaw? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Law-Environmental&NaturalResourcesLaw? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Professional&Technical-ProfessionalScience-AgriculturalSciences-General? Subjects-Science-AgriculturalSciences-Agronomy? Production And Export of Organic Fruit And Vegetables in Asia Fao Commodities And Trade Technical Paper 6 Food & Agriculture Org? Food&AgricultureOrg? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Law? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-General? Subjects-Business&Investing-Reference-General? Subjects-Law-Environmental&NaturalResourcesLaw? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Nonfiction-Law-Environmental&NaturalResourcesLaw? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Law-Environmental&NaturalResourcesLaw? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Report of the Fao Regional Workshop on the Elaboration of National Plans of Action to Prevent, Deter And Eliminate Illegal, Unreported And Unregulated Fishing-caribbean Subregion Food & Agriculture Org? Food&AgricultureOrg? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Outdoors&Nature Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-Reference-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-NaturalResources-Fisheries&Aquaculture? Subjects-Outdoors&Nature-Environment-Conservation? Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Professional&Technical-ProfessionalScience-AgriculturalSciences-Aquaculture? Subjects-Science-General Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-NaturalResources-Fisheries&Aquaculture? Subjects-Science-Nature&Ecology-Environment-Conservation? Communication for Development Roundtable Report. Focus on Sustainable Development Food & Agriculture Org? United Nations Communication for Develop? Food&AgricultureOrg? UnitedNationsCommunicationforDevelop? ユーズドブック(洋書)-Business&Investing? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-General? Subjects-Business&Investing-Reference-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Oecd Environmental Performance Reviews France Organization for Economic? Oecd? OrganizationforEconomic? Oecd? ジャンル別? Subjects-Business&Investing-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Business&Investing-General? Subjects-Business&Investing-Reference-General? Subjects-Nonfiction-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Professional&Technical-Accounting&Finance-Economics-NaturalResources Subjects-Reference? Internationale Verhandlungen Uber Property Rights Regime Und Verteilungskonflikte Das Beispiel Des Globalen Umweltproblems Peter Lang Pub Inc? 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